UI Components Medium

Focus Management

Focus management patterns for single-page applications handling route changes, dynamic content insertion and focus restoration.

Open in Lab

vanilla-js

Targets: JS HTML

Code

*,
*::before,
*::after {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  background: #0a0a0a;
  color: #e5e5e5;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  border: 0;
}

/* ── Focus Tracker ────────────────────────────────── */

.focus-tracker {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 20px;
  right: 20px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 10px 16px;
  background: #111;
  border: 1px solid #2a2a2a;
  border-radius: 10px;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  z-index: 500;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
  max-width: 360px;
}

.tracker-label {
  color: #666;
  font-weight: 600;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.tracker-element {
  color: #22c55e;
  font-family: "SF Mono", "Fira Code", monospace;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

/* ── SPA Navigation ───────────────────────────────── */

.spa-wrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

.spa-nav {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 24px;
  padding: 0 28px;
  height: 56px;
  background: #111;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #1e1e1e;
}

.nav-brand {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5f5f5;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.nav-links {
  display: flex;
  gap: 4px;
  list-style: none;
}

.spa-link {
  padding: 6px 14px;
  border-radius: 7px;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #777;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.spa-link:hover {
  background: #1a1a1a;
  color: #ccc;
}

.spa-link.active {
  background: #1e1e2e;
  color: #e5e5e5;
}

.spa-link:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}

/* ── SPA Main ─────────────────────────────────────── */

.spa-main {
  flex: 1;
  padding: 32px 40px;
  max-width: 780px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 100%;
}

.spa-page {
  display: none;
}

.spa-page.active {
  display: block;
  animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease;
}

@keyframes fadeIn {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(6px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

/* ── Pattern Info ─────────────────────────────────── */

.pattern-info {
  background: #111827;
  border: 1px solid #1e3a5f;
  border-radius: 10px;
  padding: 20px 24px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.pattern-badge {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 3px 10px;
  background: #1e1e2e;
  border: 1px solid #3730a3;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #a5b4fc;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.pattern-info h2 {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #93c5fd;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.pattern-info p {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: #94a3b8;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

/* ── Page Heading ─────────────────────────────────── */

.page-heading {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5f5f5;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.page-heading:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: 4px;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

.page-content {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: #888;
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

/* ── Content Cards (Route Change) ─────────────────── */

.page-cards {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 16px;
}

.content-card {
  background: #111;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 20px;
}

.content-card h3 {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #d4d4d4;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.content-card p {
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: #777;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.card-link {
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: #6366f1;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.card-link:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

/* ── List Items (Dynamic Content) ─────────────────── */

.items-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 6px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.list-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 12px 16px;
  background: #111;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: #ccc;
  transition: border-color 0.15s;
}

.list-item:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}

.list-item.new-item {
  border-color: #22c55e;
  animation: slideIn 0.3s ease;
}

@keyframes slideIn {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(-8px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

/* ── Task Items (Delete Recovery) ─────────────────── */

.task-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 6px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.task-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 12px 16px;
  background: #111;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  border-radius: 8px;
  transition: border-color 0.15s, opacity 0.2s;
}

.task-item:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}

.task-text {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: #ccc;
}

.delete-btn {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  background: transparent;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 6px;
  color: #555;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
}

.delete-btn:hover {
  background: #1e1e1e;
  border-color: #333;
  color: #ef4444;
}

.delete-btn:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}

/* ── Settings Grid (Modal Restore) ────────────────── */

.settings-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));
  gap: 16px;
}

.setting-card {
  background: #111;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 20px;
}

.setting-card h3 {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #d4d4d4;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.setting-card p {
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: #777;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

/* ── Buttons ──────────────────────────────────────── */

.action-btn {
  padding: 10px 20px;
  background: #1e1e2e;
  border: 1px solid #3730a3;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #a5b4fc;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
}

.action-btn:hover {
  background: #2d2d5e;
  border-color: #6366f1;
}

.action-btn:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

.hint-text {
  margin-top: 10px;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  color: #555;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ── Modal ────────────────────────────────────────── */

.modal-backdrop {
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
  backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  z-index: 1000;
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  transition: opacity 0.2s, visibility 0.2s;
}

.modal-backdrop.open {
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
}

.modal {
  width: 90%;
  max-width: 440px;
  background: #141414;
  border: 1px solid #2a2a2a;
  border-radius: 14px;
  box-shadow: 0 24px 64px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
  transform: scale(0.96) translateY(8px);
  transition: transform 0.2s;
}

.modal-backdrop.open .modal {
  transform: scale(1) translateY(0);
}

.modal-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 20px 24px 16px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #222;
}

.modal-title {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5f5f5;
}

.modal-close {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  background: transparent;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 6px;
  color: #666;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}

.modal-close:hover {
  background: #222;
  color: #ccc;
}

.modal-close:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}

.modal-body {
  padding: 20px 24px;
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  color: #aaa;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.modal-body label {
  display: block;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #999;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
  margin-top: 14px;
}

.modal-body label:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.modal-body input {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 9px 14px;
  background: #0a0a0a;
  border: 1px solid #262626;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: #e5e5e5;
}

.modal-body input:focus {
  outline: none;
  border-color: #6366f1;
}

.modal-footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px 20px;
  border-top: 1px solid #222;
}

.btn-secondary {
  padding: 8px 18px;
  background: #1a1a1a;
  border: 1px solid #333;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #aaa;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.15s;
}

.btn-secondary:hover {
  background: #222;
}

.btn-secondary:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

.btn-primary {
  padding: 8px 18px;
  background: #4f46e5;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #fff;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.15s;
}

.btn-primary:hover {
  background: #6366f1;
}

.btn-primary:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #6366f1;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ── Responsive ───────────────────────────────────── */

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .spa-main {
    padding: 24px 20px;
  }

  .page-cards {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .settings-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .spa-nav {
    padding: 0 16px;
    gap: 12px;
  }

  .nav-links {
    overflow-x: auto;
  }
}

(() => {
  const liveRegion = document.getElementById("liveRegion");
  const trackerElement = document.getElementById("trackerElement");
  const spaMain = document.getElementById("spaMain");

  /* ── Focus Tracker ──────────────────────────────── */

  function describeFocusedElement(el) {
    if (!el || el === document.body) return "body";
    const tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
    const role = el.getAttribute("role");
    const label = el.getAttribute("aria-label") || el.textContent?.trim().slice(0, 40) || "";
    const id = el.id ? `#${el.id}` : "";
    const cls = el.className ? `.${el.className.split(" ")[0]}` : "";
    const display = role ? `[${role}]` : `<${tag}>`;
    return `${display}${id || cls} "${label}"`;
  }

  document.addEventListener("focusin", (e) => {
    trackerElement.textContent = describeFocusedElement(e.target);
  });

  /* ── SPA Navigation ─────────────────────────────── */

  const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll(".spa-link");
  const pages = document.querySelectorAll(".spa-page");

  const pageHeadings = {
    "route-change": "Home Page",
    "dynamic-content": "Dynamic Content",
    "delete-recovery": "Manage Tasks",
    "modal-restore": "Settings",
  };

  function navigateToPage(pageId) {
    // Update nav links
    navLinks.forEach((link) => {
      link.classList.toggle("active", link.dataset.page === pageId);
    });

    // Update pages
    pages.forEach((page) => {
      page.classList.toggle("active", page.id === `page-${pageId}`);
    });

    // Pattern 1: Focus moves to the new page heading
    const heading = document.getElementById(`heading-${pageId}`);
    if (heading) {
      heading.textContent = pageHeadings[pageId] || pageId;
      // Small delay to allow DOM update
      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
        heading.focus();
        announce(`Navigated to ${pageHeadings[pageId] || pageId}`);
      });
    }
  }

  navLinks.forEach((link) => {
    link.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
      e.preventDefault();
      navigateToPage(link.dataset.page);
    });
  });

  /* ── Live Region Announcements ──────────────────── */

  function announce(message) {
    liveRegion.textContent = "";
    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
      liveRegion.textContent = message;
    });
  }

  /* ── Pattern 2: Dynamic Content ─────────────────── */

  const dynamicList = document.getElementById("dynamicList");
  const loadMoreBtn = document.getElementById("loadMoreBtn");
  let itemCounter = 3;

  const sampleContent = [
    "Newly fetched article from API",
    "User comment just posted",
    "System notification received",
    "Search result loaded dynamically",
    "Feed item from live stream",
  ];

  if (loadMoreBtn) {
    loadMoreBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
      // Add 2 new items
      const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
      let firstNew = null;

      for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        itemCounter++;
        const item = document.createElement("div");
        item.className = "list-item new-item";
        item.setAttribute("tabindex", "-1");

        const text = document.createElement("span");
        text.className = "item-text";
        const content = sampleContent[(itemCounter - 1) % sampleContent.length];
        text.textContent = `Item ${itemCounter} \u2014 ${content}`;
        item.appendChild(text);

        fragment.appendChild(item);
        if (!firstNew) firstNew = item;
      }

      dynamicList.appendChild(fragment);

      // Focus moves to first new item
      if (firstNew) {
        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
          firstNew.focus();
          announce(`${2} new items loaded. Item ${itemCounter - 1} and Item ${itemCounter}.`);
        });
      }

      // Remove "new" highlight after animation
      setTimeout(() => {
        dynamicList.querySelectorAll(".new-item").forEach((el) => {
          el.classList.remove("new-item");
        });
      }, 1500);
    });
  }

  /* ── Pattern 3: Delete Recovery ─────────────────── */

  const taskList = document.getElementById("taskList");

  if (taskList) {
    taskList.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
      const deleteBtn = e.target.closest(".delete-btn");
      if (!deleteBtn) return;

      const taskItem = deleteBtn.closest(".task-item");
      if (!taskItem) return;

      const siblings = [...taskList.querySelectorAll(".task-item")];
      const index = siblings.indexOf(taskItem);
      const taskName = taskItem.querySelector(".task-text")?.textContent || "Task";

      // Remove the item
      taskItem.remove();

      // Focus recovery: next sibling, or previous, or parent
      const remaining = [...taskList.querySelectorAll(".task-item")];

      if (remaining.length === 0) {
        // No items left, focus the heading
        const heading = document.getElementById("heading-delete-recovery");
        if (heading) heading.focus();
        announce(`Deleted ${taskName}. No tasks remaining.`);
      } else if (index < remaining.length) {
        // Focus next item (same index position)
        remaining[index].focus();
        announce(`Deleted ${taskName}. Focus moved to next task.`);
      } else {
        // Focus previous item (was last)
        remaining[remaining.length - 1].focus();
        announce(`Deleted ${taskName}. Focus moved to previous task.`);
      }
    });
  }

  /* ── Pattern 4: Modal Focus Restoration ─────────── */

  const modalBackdrop = document.getElementById("modalBackdrop");
  const modal = document.getElementById("modal");
  const modalTitle = document.getElementById("modalTitle");
  const modalBody = document.getElementById("modalBody");
  const modalClose = document.getElementById("modalClose");
  const modalCancel = document.getElementById("modalCancel");
  const modalSave = document.getElementById("modalSave");

  let modalTrigger = null;

  const modalContent = {
    profile: {
      title: "Edit Profile",
      body: `
        <label for="profileName">Display Name</label>
        <input type="text" id="profileName" value="Jane Developer" />
        <label for="profileBio">Bio</label>
        <input type="text" id="profileBio" value="Full-stack engineer" />
      `,
    },
    notifications: {
      title: "Notification Preferences",
      body: `
        <label for="notifEmail">Email notifications</label>
        <input type="text" id="notifEmail" value="Enabled" />
        <label for="notifPush">Push notifications</label>
        <input type="text" id="notifPush" value="Disabled" />
      `,
    },
    security: {
      title: "Security Settings",
      body: `
        <label for="secPassword">Password</label>
        <input type="password" id="secPassword" value="placeholder" />
        <label for="sec2fa">Two-Factor Auth</label>
        <input type="text" id="sec2fa" value="Enabled (Authenticator)" />
      `,
    },
  };

  function openModal(type) {
    const content = modalContent[type];
    if (!content) return;

    modalTrigger = document.activeElement;
    modalTitle.textContent = content.title;
    modalBody.innerHTML = content.body;

    modalBackdrop.classList.add("open");
    modalBackdrop.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "false");

    // Focus first focusable element in modal
    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
      const firstInput = modal.querySelector("input, button");
      if (firstInput) firstInput.focus();
    });

    announce(`${content.title} dialog opened.`);
  }

  function closeModal() {
    modalBackdrop.classList.remove("open");
    modalBackdrop.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");

    // Pattern 4: Restore focus to the trigger element
    if (modalTrigger && modalTrigger.focus) {
      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
        modalTrigger.focus();
        announce("Dialog closed. Focus restored.");
      });
    }
    modalTrigger = null;
  }

  // Modal triggers
  document.querySelectorAll(".modal-trigger").forEach((btn) => {
    btn.addEventListener("click", () => {
      openModal(btn.dataset.modal);
    });
  });

  // Modal close actions
  if (modalClose) modalClose.addEventListener("click", closeModal);
  if (modalCancel) modalCancel.addEventListener("click", closeModal);
  if (modalSave) {
    modalSave.addEventListener("click", () => {
      announce("Changes saved.");
      closeModal();
    });
  }

  // Backdrop click
  if (modalBackdrop) {
    modalBackdrop.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
      if (e.target === modalBackdrop) closeModal();
    });
  }

  // Escape key
  document.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
    if (e.key === "Escape" && modalBackdrop.classList.contains("open")) {
      e.preventDefault();
      closeModal();
    }
  });

  // Focus trap in modal
  if (modal) {
    modal.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
      if (e.key !== "Tab") return;

      const focusable = modal.querySelectorAll(
        'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
      );
      if (focusable.length === 0) return;

      const first = focusable[0];
      const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];

      if (e.shiftKey) {
        if (document.activeElement === first) {
          e.preventDefault();
          last.focus();
        }
      } else {
        if (document.activeElement === last) {
          e.preventDefault();
          first.focus();
        }
      }
    });
  }
})();

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
  <title>Focus Management</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
</head>
<body>

  <div class="spa-wrapper">

    <!-- Focus Tracker -->
    <div class="focus-tracker" id="focusTracker" aria-hidden="true">
      <span class="tracker-label">Focus:</span>
      <span class="tracker-element" id="trackerElement">none</span>
    </div>

    <!-- Live region for announcements -->
    <div class="sr-only" aria-live="assertive" id="liveRegion"></div>

    <!-- SPA Navigation -->
    <nav class="spa-nav" aria-label="Main navigation">
      <div class="nav-brand">FocusDemo</div>
      <ul class="nav-links">
        <li><a href="#" class="spa-link active" data-page="route-change">Route Change</a></li>
        <li><a href="#" class="spa-link" data-page="dynamic-content">Dynamic Content</a></li>
        <li><a href="#" class="spa-link" data-page="delete-recovery">Delete Recovery</a></li>
        <li><a href="#" class="spa-link" data-page="modal-restore">Modal Restore</a></li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    <!-- Main Content Area -->
    <main class="spa-main" id="spaMain">

      <!-- Page 1: Route Change -->
      <div class="spa-page active" id="page-route-change">
        <div class="pattern-info">
          <span class="pattern-badge">Pattern 1</span>
          <h2>Route Change Focus</h2>
          <p>When navigating to a new "page" in an SPA, focus should move to the new page's heading so screen reader users know the page has changed.</p>
        </div>
        <h1 class="page-heading" tabindex="-1" id="heading-route-change">Home Page</h1>
        <p class="page-content">This is the home page. Click any nav link above to simulate a route change. Focus will automatically move to the new page heading.</p>
        <div class="page-cards">
          <div class="content-card">
            <h3>Getting Started</h3>
            <p>Learn the fundamentals of accessible route transitions in single-page applications.</p>
            <a href="#" class="card-link">Read more</a>
          </div>
          <div class="content-card">
            <h3>Best Practices</h3>
            <p>Follow established patterns for managing focus during client-side navigation.</p>
            <a href="#" class="card-link">Read more</a>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

      <!-- Page 2: Dynamic Content -->
      <div class="spa-page" id="page-dynamic-content">
        <div class="pattern-info">
          <span class="pattern-badge">Pattern 2</span>
          <h2>Dynamic Content Insertion</h2>
          <p>When new content is dynamically added, focus should move to the new content or announce it via a live region so users are aware of the change.</p>
        </div>
        <h1 class="page-heading" tabindex="-1" id="heading-dynamic-content">Dynamic Content</h1>
        <div class="items-list" id="dynamicList">
          <div class="list-item" tabindex="-1">
            <span class="item-text">Item 1 &mdash; Already loaded content</span>
          </div>
          <div class="list-item" tabindex="-1">
            <span class="item-text">Item 2 &mdash; Already loaded content</span>
          </div>
          <div class="list-item" tabindex="-1">
            <span class="item-text">Item 3 &mdash; Already loaded content</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <button class="action-btn" id="loadMoreBtn">Load More Items</button>
        <p class="hint-text">New items will be announced and focused when loaded.</p>
      </div>

      <!-- Page 3: Delete Recovery -->
      <div class="spa-page" id="page-delete-recovery">
        <div class="pattern-info">
          <span class="pattern-badge">Pattern 3</span>
          <h2>Item Deletion Focus Recovery</h2>
          <p>When an item is deleted, focus should move to the next item, the previous item, or a parent container &mdash; never lost to the document body.</p>
        </div>
        <h1 class="page-heading" tabindex="-1" id="heading-delete-recovery">Manage Tasks</h1>
        <div class="task-list" id="taskList">
          <div class="task-item" tabindex="-1" data-task-id="1">
            <span class="task-text">Review pull request #142</span>
            <button class="delete-btn" aria-label="Delete task: Review pull request #142">
              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
            </button>
          </div>
          <div class="task-item" tabindex="-1" data-task-id="2">
            <span class="task-text">Update documentation for v2.0</span>
            <button class="delete-btn" aria-label="Delete task: Update documentation for v2.0">
              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
            </button>
          </div>
          <div class="task-item" tabindex="-1" data-task-id="3">
            <span class="task-text">Fix accessibility issues in nav</span>
            <button class="delete-btn" aria-label="Delete task: Fix accessibility issues in nav">
              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
            </button>
          </div>
          <div class="task-item" tabindex="-1" data-task-id="4">
            <span class="task-text">Deploy staging environment</span>
            <button class="delete-btn" aria-label="Delete task: Deploy staging environment">
              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
            </button>
          </div>
          <div class="task-item" tabindex="-1" data-task-id="5">
            <span class="task-text">Write unit tests for auth module</span>
            <button class="delete-btn" aria-label="Delete task: Write unit tests for auth module">
              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
            </button>
          </div>
        </div>
        <p class="hint-text">Delete items and watch focus move to the nearest remaining sibling.</p>
      </div>

      <!-- Page 4: Modal Restore -->
      <div class="spa-page" id="page-modal-restore">
        <div class="pattern-info">
          <span class="pattern-badge">Pattern 4</span>
          <h2>Modal Focus Restoration</h2>
          <p>When a modal/dialog closes, focus must return to the element that triggered it. This prevents focus from being lost.</p>
        </div>
        <h1 class="page-heading" tabindex="-1" id="heading-modal-restore">Settings</h1>
        <div class="settings-grid">
          <div class="setting-card">
            <h3>Profile</h3>
            <p>Update your name, avatar, and bio.</p>
            <button class="action-btn modal-trigger" data-modal="profile">Edit Profile</button>
          </div>
          <div class="setting-card">
            <h3>Notifications</h3>
            <p>Configure email and push notification preferences.</p>
            <button class="action-btn modal-trigger" data-modal="notifications">Configure</button>
          </div>
          <div class="setting-card">
            <h3>Security</h3>
            <p>Manage passwords, two-factor auth, and sessions.</p>
            <button class="action-btn modal-trigger" data-modal="security">Manage</button>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

    </main>
  </div>

  <!-- Modal Template -->
  <div class="modal-backdrop" id="modalBackdrop" aria-hidden="true">
    <div class="modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" id="modal" aria-labelledby="modalTitle">
      <div class="modal-header">
        <h2 class="modal-title" id="modalTitle">Dialog</h2>
        <button class="modal-close" id="modalClose" aria-label="Close dialog">
          <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"/><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"/></svg>
        </button>
      </div>
      <div class="modal-body" id="modalBody">
        <p>Modal content goes here.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="modal-footer">
        <button class="btn-secondary" id="modalCancel">Cancel</button>
        <button class="btn-primary" id="modalSave">Save Changes</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script src="script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Four essential focus management patterns for single-page applications: route change focus, dynamic content insertion, item deletion recovery, and modal focus restoration. Each pattern is demonstrated interactively with visual focus tracking.